Migraine Supplements: An Evidence-Graded Guide to Forms, Doses, and Timelines

If you have lived with migraine for years, you have seen the same short list more than once: magnesium, riboflavin, coenzyme Q10, maybe butterbur. What those lists rarely tell you is which form to actually buy, how long to wait before deciding something is not working, or what to do when you are already on a prescription preventive. This guide answers those questions and stays honest about where the evidence is thin.

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Why Supplements Get Recommended for Migraine at All

Magnesium, riboflavin, and CoQ10 appear in migraine conversations because each one touches a plausible choke point in the biology.

The Chain: Cortical Spreading Depression to CGRP

A wave of intense neuronal and glial depolarization moves across the cortex. That phenomenon, called cortical spreading depression, is the neurobiological basis of aura, and it activates the trigeminovascular system: the trigeminal nerve and its connections to cerebral blood vessels [12].

That activation releases CGRP, a potent vasodilator and pain-signaling neuropeptide that drives neurogenic inflammation and modulates pain transmission [13][14]. It is the same target the modern CGRP antibody drugs were built around.

The nutrients here act upstream of the pain, on excitability and energy metabolism, not on the pain signal itself.

Where Each Nutrient Sits

• Magnesium plays a role in neuronal excitability and may help suppress cortical spreading depression. People with migraine have been reported to have lower magnesium concentrations [4].
• Riboflavin supports mitochondrial energy generation through the FAD and FMN cofactors it forms. Energy failure is implicated in the initiation of cortical spreading depression [4].
• CoQ10 supports the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Its precise role in migraine remains unclear, and absorption issues complicate how clinically relevant the effect may be [7].

If the mitochondrial piece is new to you, our guide to cellular energy support and ATP production explains how the electron transport chain works. For a wider map of nutrients studied for nervous system function, see our nerve health supplements guide and our brain and memory hub.

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What the Guidelines Actually Say

This is the part most supplement articles skip, and it sets the ceiling on how confident you should be.

In 2012, the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society assessed complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults. They rated magnesium and riboflavin as Level B, meaning "probably effective, should be considered" [1].

The American Academy of Family Physicians summarized that update in plain language: "magnesium supplements and riboflavin supplements are probably effective and should be considered for migraine prevention" [2].

The AAN's Continuum journal put it plainly: "For migraine prevention in adults, Level B evidence, at best, exists for the use of feverfew, magnesium, and riboflavin (vitamin B2)" [3].

What "Level B" Actually Means

Level B is a real recommendation, but it is not the top of the scale. Level A requires multiple high-quality trials with consistent results; Level B reflects promising evidence built largely on smaller studies.

These nutrients have a genuine guideline behind them, and that guideline says "consider it," not "this works." The American Headache Society's own patient summary adds that its material may not reflect the most recent developments [4]. Guidelines age.

CoQ10 did not receive a Level B rating in that 2012 assessment. Its support rests on a randomized, placebo-controlled trial published in BMJ Open in 2021 [8], which tested a combination of riboflavin, magnesium, and CoQ10 rather than CoQ10 alone, plus more recent reviews [9]. That is a narrower foundation than magnesium or riboflavin have.

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Magnesium for Migraines: The Strongest Case and the Real Trade-Off

Magnesium has the deepest evidence base here, and it is the nutrient most likely to be recommended to you first.

The studied dose is 400 to 500 mg per day, and that figure refers specifically to magnesium oxide [4]. The Migraine Trust gives a wider range of 400 to 600 mg per day [10].

That is where most articles stop. Your actual decision starts here.

The Oxide Problem

The form used in the research and the form your stomach tolerates best are not the same form.

Magnesium oxide is what the American Headache Society cites at 400 to 500 mg daily [4]. It also carries the highest risk of the GI distress the Migraine Trust warns about: the loose stools and cramping that lead many people to stop taking it [10]. Magnesium glycinate is often better tolerated than the other common forms, but it was not the form used in the guideline-cited studies.

So which do you buy? A sequence, not a single product:

1. Start with a well-tolerated form such as magnesium glycinate. Tolerating 400 mg daily for three months beats taking oxide for nine days and quitting.
2. If you want to mirror the studied protocol, discuss magnesium oxide with your clinician and split the dose across the day.
3. Split dosing regardless of form. Smaller amounts with food, spread across two or three servings, are easier on the gut.
4. Treat loose stools as a dosing signal, not a failure. Drop back, then build up slowly.

The full comparison of chelated, oxide, citrate, and taurate forms is in our breakdown of the different types of magnesium supplements. If you already deal with a sensitive gut, choosing a gentle form matters more than chasing the exact studied molecule, and our digestion and gastrointestinal support collection covers that side of the equation.

People with kidney disease should not supplement magnesium without medical supervision.

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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) for Migraine Prevention

Riboflavin is the nutrient people most often try, and the one they most often quit too early.

The studied amount is 400 mg per day, cited by both the American Headache Society and the Migraine Trust [4][10]. That is far above what diet provides.

The Timeline Is the Whole Story

400 mg of riboflavin per day can take at least 2 to 3 months to show benefit [11].

Most people take it for three weeks, notice nothing, and conclude supplements do not work for them. That verdict comes far too early. Riboflavin is not an acute treatment, and nothing about it acts on a headache you have today.

Why Your Urine Turns Bright Yellow

This surprises almost everyone, and it is completely expected.

Riboflavin is water-soluble. Your body absorbs what it needs and excretes the rest through your urine, which is what produces the vivid color. It is a sign you took the dose and processed it, not a sign of harm or overdose.

Practical Notes

• Take it with food. Absorption improves alongside a meal.
• Split it if you prefer. 200 mg twice daily is common and mirrors the combination protocol in international headache guidance [16].
• Do not judge it before 8 weeks. Twelve weeks is fairer.
• It is inexpensive and generally well tolerated, with one of the gentler safety profiles in this guide.

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CoQ10 for Migraine

CoQ10 has real trial support, a practical obstacle, and a genuinely unresolved mechanism.

The dose cited by the American Headache Society is 300 mg per day [4], and the Migraine Trust gives a floor of at least 100 mg per day [10].

What the Research Shows

A pooled review of six trials, at doses from 30 mg to 800 mg per day, found a decrease in headache frequency of roughly 1.5 per month, with no clear effect on pain intensity when an attack occurred [7].

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial published in BMJ Open in 2021 tested a supplement containing riboflavin, magnesium, and Q10 and reported improvement in migraine symptoms [8]. Note that second trial carefully. It tested a combination, not CoQ10 alone.

The Absorption Problem

CoQ10 is fat-soluble, poorly absorbed, and its exact pathway in migraine remains unclear. Practical Neurology flags absorption as a factor complicating the clinical relevance of the findings [7]. In plain terms, the dose on the label is not the dose your cells receive.

Two consequences follow. Take it with a meal containing fat, because absorption improves significantly compared with an empty stomach. And remember that the form may matter more than the number: CoQ10 comes as ubiquinone (oxidized) and ubiquinol (reduced, active), your body converts one to the other, and that conversion appears to become less efficient with age. The fuller comparison is in our CoQ10 benefits guide.

The Practical Reality Nobody Mentions

Reaching 300 mg per day takes commitment. Many products are dosed at 100 mg per capsule, so a 300 mg target can mean three capsules daily, indefinitely. A lower dose you actually take beats a higher dose you abandon.

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Butterbur: The PA-Free Distinction That Matters

Butterbur is the most confusing item on this list, because three reputable sources appear to say three different things. They are all correct. They describe different products.

The Three Statements

1. The American Headache Society states butterbur is no longer a recommended treatment, citing safety concerns about liver toxicity [4].
2. Practical Neurology notes the liver injury risk in the literature involves unrefined goods, because the problem is the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) they contain [7].
3. The NIH LiverTox monograph states that preparations processed to remove pyrrolizidine alkaloids do not appear to cause liver injury, either as serum enzyme elevations or as clinically apparent liver damage [5].

The Reconciliation

Raw and unrefined butterbur contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. That is the material behind the liver warnings, and it is why the headache societies stepped back [4][7]. A PA-free extract is a different product with a different risk profile, because the compounds associated with the injury have been removed. LiverTox's statement is specifically about those PA-removed preparations [5], and the PA-free extract Petadolex has its own published safety analysis, which concluded that there is no evidence that the special butterbur root extract Petadolex poses a substantial risk of liver injury for patients [6].

That is not a guarantee, and it should not be read as one. It is narrower and more accurate than "butterbur is dangerous," and more honest than "butterbur is safe."

What the Trials Found

In the trials summarized by Practical Neurology, 50 mg twice daily was associated with a reduction in migraine days, and 75 mg twice daily with a 48% decrease in attack frequency [7]. Butterbur did not receive the same rating as magnesium and riboflavin, and the American Headache Society has since moved away from recommending it [1][4]. Treat the older efficacy data as promising but superseded by safety considerations.

If You Are Considering It Anyway

• Only consider a PA-free extract. If a product does not state that it is PA-free, do not buy it.
• Talk to a physician first, especially with any liver condition, regular alcohol use, or medication that stresses the liver.
• Do not stack it with other compounds that burden the liver [5], and do not use it in pregnancy.
• Stop and seek advice if you notice unexplained fatigue, yellowing of the eyes or skin, dark urine, or right-sided abdominal pain.

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The Combination Approach

The riboflavin, magnesium, and CoQ10 triple is the combination the literature actually supports.

The three act at different points: magnesium on neuronal excitability, riboflavin on mitochondrial energy generation, CoQ10 on the electron transport chain. Covering three mechanisms is more plausible than betting on one, and the pills do not compete.

A 2025 review published through PubMed Central concluded that feverfew, magnesium, and CoQ10 together may have a synergistic effect as an anti-migraine treatment [9]. The BMJ Open trial tested a riboflavin, magnesium, and Q10 combination in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design [8]. International headache treatment guidance references the same triple, at 300 mg of magnesium twice daily and 200 mg of vitamin B2 twice daily [16]. The Migraine Disorders patient education series summarizes the field simply: the most commonly used and researched options are magnesium, riboflavin (B2), and coenzyme Q10 [15].

The Honest Caveat

Most combination trials test a finished proprietary product, so it is hard to know how much each ingredient contributes. A benefit from a three-ingredient package does not prove all three are necessary. That is why magnesium and riboflavin still carry the stronger individual ratings. If you want to start with one, start with magnesium.

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How Long Until It Works

This is the question that decides whether you stick with it, and the one almost nobody answers.

Nutrient	Commonly studied amount	When benefit has been reported	Evidence tier
Magnesium	400 to 500 mg/day (cited figure is for magnesium oxide) [4]	Often assessed over 8 to 12 weeks [19]	AAN/AHS Level B, "probably effective" [1]
Riboflavin (B2)	400 mg/day, once daily or split [4][16]	At least 2 to 3 months [11]	AAN/AHS Level B, "probably effective" [1]
CoQ10	300 mg/day cited; trial doses 30 to 800 mg/day [4][7]	At least 6 weeks; 3 months in one trial [8][20]	No Level B rating; RCT and pooled review support [7][8]
Butterbur (PA-free)	50 mg or 75 mg twice daily in the cited trials [7]	12 weeks in both cited trials [17][18]	Not currently recommended by AHS; see above [4]

A Realistic 12-Week Plan

1. Weeks 1 to 2: settle the dose. Find an amount your gut tolerates without drama.
2. Weeks 3 to 4: build to full dose, adding nutrients one at a time so you know which causes any side effect.
3. Weeks 5 to 8: hold steady and track. Log headache days, severity, and medication use. Memory is a poor substitute for a written record, and this is how clinicians assess whether something is helping [4].
4. Weeks 9 to 12: judge it. The earliest point a fair verdict is possible, especially for riboflavin.
5. After week 12: change one variable at a time. Change three things at once and you learn nothing.

The reason most people conclude supplements do not work is that they quit at week three. Riboflavin alone needs 2 to 3 months [11]. Judging it at three weeks is not a failed experiment, it is an unfinished one.

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Also Studied, With Weaker Evidence

None of these belongs in the same tier as the three above.

Melatonin. The American Headache Society cites 3 mg before bed daily, and describes the evidence as mixed: some trials report benefit, others show no effect [4]. Reasonable to discuss with a clinician, particularly if sleep is also a struggle. Not a first-line choice.

Vitamin D. Practical Neurology reports that low vitamin D levels correlate with higher attack frequency, and that a pooled review showed improvement in Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) scores, with studied regimens including 2,000 IU per day of vitamin D3 or higher weekly boluses [7]. There is a real caution: people prone to kidney stones face an elevated risk of nephrolithiasis with higher-dose vitamin D [7]. If that applies to you, this is a clinician conversation, not a purchase.

Feverfew. Feverfew appears alongside magnesium and riboflavin in the AAN Continuum's Level B statement [3] and in the 2025 synergy review [9]. It is a botanical with its own interaction profile, so it is not something to add casually to a stack.

Curcumin and the rest. Curcumin has a single 8-week study in a nanomicelle formula, and Practical Neurology notes most of the benefit appeared to come from CoQ10 [7]. Some retailer content labels curcumin "ineffective" for migraine, which overstates the case in the other direction. The honest label is not "ineffective." It is "insufficient evidence."

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If You Are Already on a Preventive Medication

If you already take a prescription preventive, the supplement question changes shape.

Do not stop or reduce a prescribed preventive medication on your own. Nothing in this guide is a reason to do that.

1. Tell your neurologist before you start. Bring the actual bottles or exact product names and doses. "A magnesium supplement" is not useful to a clinician.
2. Frame supplements as adjuncts, not replacements. The literature describes these nutrients used alongside standard care, not instead of it.
3. Start one nutrient at a time, so you know which one caused any change you notice.
4. Watch for additive effects. Some supplements affect clotting, blood pressure, or sedation. Tell your prescriber everything, especially if you take anticoagulants or antihypertensives.
5. Keep the conversation open. If attack frequency improves substantially, that is a good reason to talk to your neurologist, not a reason to change the regimen yourself.

Supplements and prescription preventives are not an either-or decision, and your neurologist decides how they fit together.

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Safety and Interactions

These nutrients have good safety records at the studied doses. That does not make them right for everyone.

Talk to a Clinician First If You

• Have kidney disease. Magnesium should not be self-directed with impaired kidney function.
• Have a liver condition. Especially before considering butterbur.
• Are prone to kidney stones. Higher-dose vitamin D carries an elevated nephrolithiasis risk [7].
• Are pregnant or nursing. Clinical summaries advise caution with botanicals in pregnancy and note that dosing needs professional adjustment [10].
• Take prescription medication. Drug interactions are the most cited safety caution in the clinical summaries [10].

Interactions Worth Knowing

Blood thinners and antiplatelet medication (some supplements affect clotting), blood pressure medication (additive effects are possible), sedatives and sleep medication (melatonin stacks with these [4]), and hepatotoxic medication, which should never be combined with butterbur.

Quality and Sourcing

The Migraine Trust advises caution about unverified internet vendors [10]. That matters more here than in most categories, because the gap between a PA-free butterbur extract and an unverified one is not a matter of degree.

• Buy from a retailer that can answer questions about what it sells. The Agape Nutrition team has sourced practitioner-grade supplements since 1998, from manufacturers who test for purity and potency.
• Look for products that name their form. "Magnesium" alone is not enough. You want to know whether it is glycinate, oxide, citrate, or taurate.
• Check the per-serving dose before committing to a 3-month trial.
• Be skeptical of fast results. Nothing in this category works fast, so a fast claim is a signal, not a selling point.

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What We Recommend

Everything below is practitioner-grade, in stock at Agape Nutrition, and matched to the forms and daily amounts this guide describes. Agape Nutrition has sourced supplements from manufacturers who test for purity and potency since 1998.

To be clear about what these products are: none of them treats or prevents migraine. They supply the nutrients described above at amounts you can actually reach. Your clinician decides how any of them fit with what you already take.

For Magnesium: XYMOGEN, OptiMag Neuro 90 Capsules

Magnesium is where this guide says to start, and form is the decision. OptiMag Neuro 90 Capsules supplies 90 capsules of chelated magnesium: magnesium L-threonate, di-magnesium malate, and magnesium lysinate glycinate chelate. Chelated forms are the ones described above as better tolerated than oxide. $64.99.

Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzymatic reactions, including energy production and normal muscle and nerve function.

If you would rather take a straight glycinate, the magnesium glycinate product linked earlier in this guide is the closest match to the sequencing advice in the magnesium section.

For Riboflavin: Integrative Therapeutics, Riboflavin 30 Tablets

This is the simplest match on the page. The studied amount is 400 mg of riboflavin per day, and Riboflavin 30 Tablets supplies 400 mg in a single tablet, taken once daily. 30 tablets for $13.00, which keeps a three-month trial inexpensive. Riboflavin is an essential B vitamin required for energy production and for the FMN and FAD cofactors described above.

Take it with food, and hold it for the full 8 to 12 weeks before you judge it.

For CoQ10: DaVinci Labs, Ubiquinol 100 mg 30 and 60 Softgels

Ubiquinol 100 mg supplies CoQ10 in the reduced, active form, as Kaneka Ubiquinol at 100 mg per softgel, in a 30-count ($50.98) or 60-count ($93.78). Ubiquinol is the form the section above describes as not requiring conversion.

Mind the arithmetic: 100 mg per softgel means reaching the 300 mg per day figure used in the research takes three softgels, which is the commitment problem described above. Take it with a meal containing fat. If you would rather reach a higher amount in fewer capsules, CoQmax Ubiquinol 200 mg from XYMOGEN supplies 200 mg per softgel, at $83.99 for 30 softgels.

For the Combination: Weber Weber | LinPharma | Dolovent | 120 Capsules

The triple this guide describes is riboflavin, magnesium, and CoQ10, and Dolovent packages all three in one product, which removes the three-bottle problem. 120 capsules, $54.95.

One honest note that matters here: Dolovent's magnesium is magnesium oxide. That is the form the guideline-cited research used, and it is also the form most likely to cause the loose stools described in the magnesium section. That trade-off is exactly why this guide suggests starting with a well-tolerated form, reaching a full amount slowly, and splitting the dose across the day.

Start With One, Not Three

The sequence this guide supports is magnesium first, held for 8 to 12 weeks, then adding riboflavin or CoQ10 rather than starting all three at once. Nothing in this category works fast, and a product that promises otherwise is telling you something about its marketing rather than about the nutrient.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is the best form of magnesium for migraines?

There is no single best answer, because the form used in the research and the form your gut tolerates best are different. The American Headache Society's figure of 400 to 500 mg per day refers specifically to magnesium oxide [4], but oxide is also the form most likely to cause the loose stools the Migraine Trust warns about [10]. Magnesium glycinate is often better tolerated, though it was not the studied form. Start with a well-tolerated form, reach a full dose, and hold it for 8 to 12 weeks.

How long do migraine supplements take to work?

Longer than most people expect. Riboflavin at 400 mg per day can take at least 2 to 3 months to show benefit [11], while magnesium and CoQ10 are typically assessed over roughly 8 to 12 weeks and at least 6 weeks respectively [8][19][20]. Most people quit around week three, which is too early to know anything. Hold the dose steady for a full 12 weeks while tracking headache days and medication use.

Why does riboflavin turn my urine bright yellow?

Because riboflavin is water-soluble. Your body takes what it needs and excretes the rest through your urine, which is what produces the bright color. It is an expected sign that the dose was taken and processed, not a sign of harm, overdose, or a faulty product.

Can I take magnesium, riboflavin, and CoQ10 together?

Yes, and combining them is the approach with the most support. Magnesium works on neuronal excitability, riboflavin on mitochondrial energy generation, and CoQ10 on the electron transport chain. A 2025 review concluded that magnesium and CoQ10 together may have a synergistic effect [9], the BMJ Open trial tested a riboflavin, magnesium, and Q10 combination in a randomized controlled design [8], and international treatment guidance references the same triple [16]. Combination trials usually test a finished product, so it is hard to know how much each ingredient contributes.

Is butterbur safe for migraine?

It depends which butterbur. The American Headache Society says it is no longer a recommended treatment because of liver toxicity concerns [4], and Practical Neurology notes the injury risk in the literature involves unrefined goods, where the problem is the pyrrolizidine alkaloids they contain [7]. The NIH LiverTox monograph states that preparations processed to remove those alkaloids do not appear to cause liver injury [5], and the PA-free extract Petadolex has its own published safety analysis reaching a similar conclusion [6]. If you consider butterbur at all, only consider a PA-free extract, and discuss it with a physician first.

Should I stop my prescription preventive if supplements are helping?

No. Do not stop or reduce a prescribed preventive on your own. Tell your neurologist what you are taking, bring the actual product names and doses, and let them decide how the pieces fit together. The research describes these nutrients used alongside standard care, not instead of it.

How much CoQ10 do I need, and how many capsules is that?

The American Headache Society cites 300 mg per day [4] and the Migraine Trust gives a floor of at least 100 mg per day [10], while trial doses in a pooled review ranged from 30 mg to 800 mg per day [7]. Many products are dosed at 100 mg per capsule, so a 300 mg target can mean three capsules daily, indefinitely. Check the per-serving dose, take it with a meal containing fat, and pick an amount you will genuinely take every day.

Do these supplements replace migraine medication?

No. The strongest rating these nutrients hold is Level B, meaning "probably effective, should be considered" [1], a consider-it recommendation built largely on smaller trials. That is not a replacement for acute or preventive treatment in people who need it. Think of them as adjuncts, used alongside whatever your clinician has prescribed.

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These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications, or have a medical condition.

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References

[1] Silberstein SD, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Neurology. 2012. https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20

[2] Armstrong C. AAN/AHS update on pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention. American Family Physician. 2013. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0415/p584

[3] Nutraceutical and Other Modalities for the Treatment of Headache. Continuum (American Academy of Neurology). https://continuum.aan.com/doi/10.1212/CON.0000000000000211

[4] American Headache Society. Incorporating Nutraceuticals for Migraine Prevention. https://americanheadachesociety.org/news/incorporating-nutraceuticals-for-migraine-prevention

[5] NIH LiverTox. Butterbur monograph. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547997/

[6] Safety profile of the special butterbur root extract Petadolex. Cephalalgia Reports. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2515816318759304

[7] An Update on Nutraceuticals for Migraine Management. Practical Neurology. https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/headache-pain/an-update-on-nutraceuticals-for-migraine-management/32132/

[8] CoQ10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult migraine. BMJ Open. 2021. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/1/e039358

[9] Evaluating the Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Migraine Therapy. PMC / NIH. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11939526/

[10] Migraine Trust. Supplements for migraine. https://migrainetrust.org/live-with-migraine/healthcare/treatments/supplements/

[11] Nevada Headache. Dietary Supplements for Migraine Prevention. https://www.nevadaheadache.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Helpful-Supplements.pdf

[12] Noseda R, Burstein R. Migraine pathophysiology: anatomy of the trigeminovascular pathway. 2013. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3858400/

[13] Close LN, et al. Cortical spreading depression as a site of origin for migraine. 2018. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7007998/

[14] Iyengar S, et al. CGRP and the Trigeminal System in Migraine. Headache. 2019. https://headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/head.13529

[15] Migraine Disorders. Vitamins and Supplements for Migraine Prevention. https://www.migrainedisorders.org/video/chapter-6-episode-2-vitamins-and-supplements/

[16] Diener HC, et al. Treatment of migraine attacks and prevention of migraine. International Headache Society. 2019. https://ihs-headache.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/3426_dmkg-treatment-of-migraine-attacks-and-prevention-of-migraine.pdf

[17] NeurologyLive. Migraine Preventative Butterbur Has Safety Concerns. https://www.neurologylive.com/view/migraine-preventative-butterbur-has-safety-concerns

[18] Medscape. Does Butterbur Prevent Migraines? https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/838939

[19] Complementary and Integrative Health Treatments for Migraine. PMC. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7769000/

[20] Gaul C, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial of a proprietary supplement containing CoQ10. 2015. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4393401/